import Tab from '@mdx/Tab.astro'; import Tabs from '@mdx/Tabs.astro'; import Callout from '@mdx/Callout.astro'; import Section from '@mdx/Section.astro'; # Indexes & Constraints ## Constraints SQL constraints are the rules enforced on table columns. They are used to prevent invalid data from being entered into the database. This ensures the accuracy and reliability of your data in the database. ### Default The `DEFAULT` clause specifies a default value to use for the column if no value provided by the user when doing an `INSERT`. If there is no explicit `DEFAULT` clause attached to a column definition, then the default value of the column is `NULL`. An explicit `DEFAULT` clause may specify that the default value is `NULL`, a string constant, a blob constant, a signed-number, or any constant expression enclosed in parentheses.

```typescript import { sql } from "drizzle-orm"; import { integer, uuid, pgTable } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core"; const table = pgTable('table', { integer1: integer('integer1').default(42), integer2: integer('integer2').default(sql`'42'::integer`), uuid1: uuid('uuid1').defaultRandom(), uuid2: uuid('uuid2').default(sql`gen_random_uuid()`), }); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "table" ( "integer1" integer DEFAULT 42, "integer2" integer DEFAULT '42'::integer, "uuid1" uuid DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(), "uuid2" uuid DEFAULT gen_random_uuid() ); ```

```typescript import { sql } from "drizzle-orm"; import { int, time, mysqlTable } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core"; const table = mysqlTable("table", { int: int("int").default(42), time: time("time").default(sql`cast("14:06:10" AS TIME)`), }); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE `table` ( `int` int DEFAULT 42, `time` time DEFAULT cast("14:06:10" AS TIME) ); ```

```typescript import { sql } from "drizzle-orm"; import { integer, sqliteTable } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core"; const table = sqliteTable('table', { int1: integer('int1').default(42), int2: integer('int2').default(sql`(abs(42))`) }); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE `table` ( `int1` integer DEFAULT 42 `int2` integer DEFAULT (abs(42)) ); ```

```typescript import { sql } from "drizzle-orm"; import { int, time, singlestoreTable } from "drizzle-orm/singlestore-core"; const table = singlestoreTable("table", { int: int("int").default(42), time: time("time").default(sql`cast("14:06:10" AS TIME)`), }); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE `table` ( `int` int DEFAULT 42, `time` time DEFAULT cast("14:06:10" AS TIME) ); ```

### Not null By default, a column can hold **NULL** values. The `NOT NULL` constraint enforces a column to **NOT** accept **NULL** values. This enforces a field to always contain a value, which means that you cannot insert a new record, or update a record without adding a value to this field.

```typescript copy import { integer, pgTable } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core"; const table = pgTable('table', { integer: integer('integer').notNull(), }); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "table" ( "integer" integer NOT NULL ); ```

```typescript import { int, mysqlTable } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core"; const table = mysqlTable('table', { int: int('int').notNull(), }); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE `table` ( `int` int NOT NULL ); ```

```typescript copy const table = sqliteTable('table', { numInt: integer('numInt').notNull() }); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE table ( `numInt` integer NOT NULL ); ```

```typescript import { int, singlestoreTable } from "drizzle-orm/singlestore-core"; const table = singlestoreTable('table', { int: int('int').notNull(), }); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE `table` ( `int` int NOT NULL ); ```

### Unique The `UNIQUE` constraint ensures that all values in a column are different. Both the `UNIQUE` and `PRIMARY KEY` constraints provide a guarantee for uniqueness for a column or set of columns. A `PRIMARY KEY` constraint automatically has a `UNIQUE` constraint. You can have many `UNIQUE` constraints per table, but only one `PRIMARY KEY` constraint per table.

```typescript copy import { integer, text, unique, pgTable } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core"; export const user = pgTable('user', { id: integer('id').unique(), }); export const table = pgTable('table', { id: integer('id').unique('custom_name'), }); export const composite = pgTable('composite_example', { id: integer('id'), name: text('name'), }, (t) => [ unique().on(t.id, t.name), unique('custom_name').on(t.id, t.name) ]); // In Postgres 15.0+ NULLS NOT DISTINCT is available // This example demonstrates both available usages export const userNulls = pgTable('user_nulls_example', { id: integer('id').unique("custom_name", { nulls: 'not distinct' }), }, (t) => [ unique().on(t.id).nullsNotDistinct() ]); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "composite_example" ( "id" integer, "name" text, CONSTRAINT "composite_example_id_name_unique" UNIQUE("id","name"), CONSTRAINT "custom_name" UNIQUE("id","name") ); CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "table" ( "id" integer, CONSTRAINT "custom_name" UNIQUE("id") ); CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "user" ( "id" integer, CONSTRAINT "user_id_unique" UNIQUE("id") ); CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "user_nulls_example" ( "id" integer, CONSTRAINT "custom_name" UNIQUE NULLS NOT DISTINCT("id"), CONSTRAINT "user_nulls_example_id_unique" UNIQUE NULLS NOT DISTINCT("id") ); ```

```typescript import { int, varchar, unique, mysqlTable } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core"; export const user = mysqlTable('user', { id: int('id').unique(), }); export const table = mysqlTable('table', { id: int('id').unique('custom_name'), }); export const composite = mysqlTable('composite_example', { id: int('id'), name: varchar('name', { length: 256 }), }, (t) => [ unique().on(t.id, t.name), unique('custom_name').on(t.id, t.name) ]); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE `user` ( `id` int, CONSTRAINT `user_id_unique` UNIQUE(`id`) ); CREATE TABLE `table` ( `id` int, CONSTRAINT `custom_name` UNIQUE(`id`) ); CREATE TABLE `composite_example` ( `id` int, `name` varchar(256), CONSTRAINT `composite_example_id_name_unique` UNIQUE(`id`,`name`), CONSTRAINT `custom_name` UNIQUE(`id`,`name`) ); ```

```typescript copy import { int, text, unique, sqliteTable } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core"; export const user = sqliteTable('user', { id: int('id').unique(), }); export const table = sqliteTable('table', { id: int('id').unique('custom_name'), }); export const composite = sqliteTable('composite_example', { id: int('id'), name: text('name'), }, (t) => [ unique().on(t.id, t.name), unique('custom_name').on(t.id, t.name) ]); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE `user` ( `id` integer ); CREATE TABLE `table` ( `id` integer ); CREATE TABLE `composite_example` ( `id` integer, `name` text ); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `composite_example_id_name_unique` ON `composite_example` (`id`,`name`); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `custom_name` ON `composite_example` (`id`,`name`); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `custom_name` ON `table` (`id`); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `user_id_unique` ON `user` (`id`); ```

```typescript import { int, varchar, unique, singlestoreTable } from "drizzle-orm/singlestore-core"; export const user = singlestoreTable('user', { id: int('id').unique(), }); export const table = singlestoreTable('table', { id: int('id').unique('custom_name'), }); export const composite = singlestoreTable('composite_example', { id: int('id'), name: varchar('name', { length: 256 }), }, (t) => [ unique().on(t.id, t.name), unique('custom_name').on(t.id, t.name) ]); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE `user` ( `id` int, CONSTRAINT `user_id_unique` UNIQUE(`id`) ); CREATE TABLE `table` ( `id` int, CONSTRAINT `custom_name` UNIQUE(`id`) ); CREATE TABLE `composite_example` ( `id` int, `name` varchar(256), CONSTRAINT `composite_example_id_name_unique` UNIQUE(`id`,`name`), CONSTRAINT `custom_name` UNIQUE(`id`,`name`) ); ```

### Check The `CHECK` constraint is used to limit the value range that can be placed in a column. If you define a `CHECK` constraint on a column it will allow only certain values for this column. If you define a `CHECK` constraint on a table it can limit the values in certain columns based on values in other columns in the row.

```typescript copy import { sql } from "drizzle-orm"; import { check, integer, pgTable, text, uuid } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core"; export const users = pgTable( "users", { id: uuid().defaultRandom().primaryKey(), username: text().notNull(), age: integer(), }, (table) => [ check("age_check1", sql`${table.age} > 21`), ] ); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "users" ( "id" uuid PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid() NOT NULL, "username" text NOT NULL, "age" integer, CONSTRAINT "age_check1" CHECK ("users"."age" > 21) ); ```

```typescript copy import { sql } from "drizzle-orm"; import { check, int, mysqlTable, text } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core"; export const users = mysqlTable( "users", { id: int().primaryKey(), username: text().notNull(), age: int(), }, (table) => [ check("age_check1", sql`${table.age} > 21`) ] ); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE `users` ( `id` int NOT NULL, `username` text NOT NULL, `age` int, CONSTRAINT `users_id` PRIMARY KEY(`id`), CONSTRAINT `age_check1` CHECK(`users`.`age` > 21) ); ```

```typescript copy import { sql } from "drizzle-orm"; import { check, int, sqliteTable, text } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core"; export const users = sqliteTable( "users", { id: int().primaryKey(), username: text().notNull(), age: int(), }, (table) => [ check("age_check1", sql`${table.age} > 21`) ] ); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE `users` ( `id` integer PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, `username` text NOT NULL, `age` integer, CONSTRAINT "age_check1" CHECK("users"."age" > 21) ); ```

Currently not supported in SingleStore ### Primary Key The `PRIMARY KEY` constraint uniquely identifies each record in a table. Primary keys must contain `UNIQUE` values, and cannot contain `NULL` values. A table can have only **ONE** primary key; and in the table, this primary key can consist of single or multiple columns (fields).

```typescript copy import { serial, text, pgTable } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core"; const user = pgTable('user', { id: serial('id').primaryKey(), }); const table = pgTable('table', { id: text('cuid').primaryKey(), }); ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "user" ( "id" serial PRIMARY KEY ); CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "table" ( "cuid" text PRIMARY KEY ); ```

```typescript import { int, text, mysqlTable } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core"; export const user = mysqlTable("user", { id: int("id").autoincrement().primaryKey(), }) export const table = mysqlTable("table", { cuid: text("cuid").primaryKey(), }) ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE `user` ( `id` int AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE `table` ( `cuid` text PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL ); ```

```typescript copy import { integer, sqliteTable } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core"; export const user = sqliteTable("user", { id: integer("id").primaryKey(), }) export const pet = sqliteTable("pet", { id: integer("id").primaryKey(), }) ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE `user` ( `id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE `pet` ( `id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT ) ```

```typescript import { int, text, singlestoreTable } from "drizzle-orm/singlestore-core"; export const user = singlestoreTable("user", { id: int("id").autoincrement().primaryKey(), }) export const table = singlestoreTable("table", { cuid: text("cuid").primaryKey(), }) ``` ```sql CREATE TABLE `user` ( `id` int AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE `table` ( `cuid` text PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL ); ```

### Composite Primary Key Just like `PRIMARY KEY`, composite primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table using multiple fields. Drizzle ORM provides a standalone `primaryKey` operator for that:

```typescript copy {18, 19} import { serial, text, integer, primaryKey, pgTable } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core"; export const user = pgTable("user", { id: serial("id").primaryKey(), name: text("name"), }); export const book = pgTable("book", { id: serial("id").primaryKey(), name: text("name"), }); export const booksToAuthors = pgTable("books_to_authors", { authorId: integer("author_id"), bookId: integer("book_id"), }, (table) => [ primaryKey({ columns: [table.bookId, table.authorId] }), // Or PK with custom name primaryKey({ name: 'custom_name', columns: [table.bookId, table.authorId] }), ]); ``` ```sql {6, 9} ... CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "books_to_authors" ( "author_id" integer, "book_id" integer, PRIMARY KEY("book_id","author_id") ); ALTER TABLE "books_to_authors" ADD CONSTRAINT "custom_name" PRIMARY KEY("book_id","author_id"); ```

```typescript {18, 19} import { int, text, primaryKey, mysqlTable } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core"; export const user = mysqlTable("user", { id: int("id").autoincrement().primaryKey(), name: text("name"), }); export const book = mysqlTable("book", { id: int("id").autoincrement().primaryKey(), name: text("name"), }); export const booksToAuthors = mysqlTable("books_to_authors", { authorId: int("author_id"), bookId: int("book_id"), }, (table) => [ primaryKey({ columns: [table.bookId, table.authorId] }), // Or PK with custom name primaryKey({ name: 'custom_name', columns: [table.bookId, table.authorId] }) ]); ``` ```sql {6} ... CREATE TABLE `books_to_authors` ( `author_id` int, `book_id` int, PRIMARY KEY(`book_id`,`author_id`) ); ```

```typescript copy {18, 19} import { integer, text, primaryKey, sqliteTable} from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core"; export const user = sqliteTable("user", { id: integer("id").primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }), name: text("name"), }); export const book = sqliteTable("book", { id: integer("id").primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }), name: text("name"), }); export const bookToAuthor = sqliteTable("book_to_author", { authorId: integer("author_id"), bookId: integer("book_id"), }, (table) => [ primaryKey({ columns: [table.bookId, table.authorId] }), // Or PK with custom name primaryKey({ name: 'custom_name', columns: [table.bookId, table.authorId] }) ]); ``` ```sql {6} ... CREATE TABLE `book_to_author` ( `author_id` integer, `book_id` integer, PRIMARY KEY(`book_id`, `author_id`) ); ```

```typescript {18, 19} import { int, text, primaryKey, mysqlTable } from "drizzle-orm/singlestore-core"; export const user = singlestoreTable("user", { id: int("id").autoincrement().primaryKey(), name: text("name"), }); export const book = singlestoreTable("book", { id: int("id").autoincrement().primaryKey(), name: text("name"), }); export const booksToAuthors = singlestoreTable("books_to_authors", { authorId: int("author_id"), bookId: int("book_id"), }, (table) => [ primaryKey({ columns: [table.bookId, table.authorId] }), // Or PK with custom name primaryKey({ name: 'custom_name', columns: [table.bookId, table.authorId] }), ]); ``` ```sql {6} ... CREATE TABLE `books_to_authors` ( `author_id` int, `book_id` int, PRIMARY KEY(`book_id`,`author_id`) ); ```

### Foreign key The `FOREIGN KEY` constraint is used to prevent actions that would destroy links between tables. A `FOREIGN KEY` is a field (or collection of fields) in one table, that refers to the `PRIMARY KEY` in another table. The table with the foreign key is called the child table, and the table with the primary key is called the referenced or parent table. Drizzle ORM provides several ways to declare foreign keys. You can declare them in a column declaration statement: ```typescript copy {11} import { serial, text, integer, pgTable } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core"; export const user = pgTable("user", { id: serial("id"), name: text("name"), }); export const book = pgTable("book", { id: serial("id"), name: text("name"), authorId: integer("author_id").references(() => user.id) }); ``` ```typescript {11} import { int, text, mysqlTable } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core"; export const user = mysqlTable("user", { id: int("id").primaryKey().autoincrement(), name: text("name"), }); export const book = mysqlTable("book", { id: int("id").primaryKey().autoincrement(), name: text("name"), authorId: int("author_id").references(() => user.id) }); ``` ```typescript {11} import { integer, text, sqliteTable } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core"; export const user = sqliteTable("user", { id: integer("id").primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }), name: text("name"), }); export const book = sqliteTable("book", { id: integer("id").primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }), name: text("name"), authorId: integer("author_id").references(() => user.id) }); ``` Currently not supported in SingleStore If you want to do a self reference, due to a TypeScript limitations you will have to either explicitly set return type for reference callback or use a standalone `foreignKey` operator. ```typescript copy {6,16-19} import { serial, text, integer, foreignKey, pgTable, AnyPgColumn } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core"; export const user = pgTable("user", { id: serial("id"), name: text("name"), parentId: integer("parent_id").references((): AnyPgColumn => user.id) }); // or export const user = pgTable("user", { id: serial("id"), name: text("name"), parentId: integer("parent_id"), }, (table) => [ foreignKey({ columns: [table.parentId], foreignColumns: [table.id], name: "custom_fk" }) ]); ``` ```typescript {6,16-19} import { int, text, foreignKey, AnyMySqlColumn, mysqlTable } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core"; export const user = mysqlTable("user", { id: int("id").primaryKey().autoincrement(), name: text("name"), parentId: int("parent_id").references((): AnyMySqlColumn => user.id), }); // or export const user = mysqlTable("user", { id: int("id").primaryKey().autoincrement(), name: text("name"), parentId: int("parent_id") }, (table) => [ foreignKey({ columns: [table.parentId], foreignColumns: [table.id], name: "custom_fk" }) ]); ``` ```typescript {6,16-19} import { integer, text, foreignKey, sqliteTable, AnySQLiteColumn } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core"; export const user = sqliteTable("user", { id: integer("id").primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }), name: text("name"), parentId: integer("parent_id").references((): AnySQLiteColumn => user.id) }); //or export const user = sqliteTable("user", { id: integer("id").primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }), name: text("name"), parentId: integer("parent_id"), }, (table) => [ foreignKey({ columns: [table.parentId], foreignColumns: [table.id], name: "custom_fk" }) ]); ``` Currently not supported in SingleStore To declare multicolumn foreign keys you can use a dedicated `foreignKey` operator: ```typescript copy {4-5,14-15,18-21} import { serial, text, foreignKey, pgTable, AnyPgColumn } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core"; export const user = pgTable("user", { firstName: text("firstName"), lastName: text("lastName"), }, (table) => [ primaryKey({ columns: [table.firstName, table.lastName]}) ]); export const profile = pgTable("profile", { id: serial("id").primaryKey(), userFirstName: text("user_first_name"), userLastName: text("user_last_name"), }, (table) => [ foreignKey({ columns: [table.userFirstName, table.userLastName], foreignColumns: [user.firstName, user.lastName], name: "custom_fk" }) ]) ``` ```typescript copy {4-5,14-15,18-21} import { int, text, primaryKey, foreignKey, mysqlTable, AnyMySqlColumn } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core"; export const user = mysqlTable("user", { firstName: text("firstName"), lastName: text("lastName"), }, (table) => [ primaryKey({ columns: [table.firstName, table.lastName]}) ]); export const profile = mysqlTable("profile", { id: int("id").autoincrement().primaryKey(), userFirstName: text("user_first_name"), userLastName: text("user_last_name"), }, (table) => [ foreignKey({ columns: [table.userFirstName, table.userLastName], foreignColumns: [user.firstName, user.lastName], name: "custom_name" }) ]); ``` ```typescript {4-5,14-15,18-21} import { integer, text, primaryKey, foreignKey, sqliteTable, AnySQLiteColumn } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core"; export const user = sqliteTable("user", { firstName: text("firstName"), lastName: text("lastName"), }, (table) => [ primaryKey({ columns: [table.firstName, table.lastName]}) ]); export const profile = sqliteTable("profile", { id: integer("id").primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }), userFirstName: text("user_first_name"), userLastName: text("user_last_name"), }, (table) => [ foreignKey({ columns: [table.userFirstName, table.userLastName], foreignColumns: [user.firstName, user.lastName], name: "custom_name" }) ]); ``` Currently not supported in SingleStore ## Indexes Drizzle ORM provides API for both `index` and `unique index` declaration:

```typescript copy {9-10} import { serial, text, index, uniqueIndex, pgTable } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core"; export const user = pgTable("user", { id: serial("id").primaryKey(), name: text("name"), email: text("email"), }, (table) => [ index("name_idx").on(table.name), uniqueIndex("email_idx").on(table.email) ]); ``` ```sql {5-6} CREATE TABLE "user" ( ... ); CREATE INDEX "name_idx" ON "user" ("name"); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "email_idx" ON "user" ("email"); ```

For versions before `drizzle-kit@0.22.0` and `drizzle-orm@0.31.0` `drizzle-kit` only supports index `name` and `on()` param. After versions `drizzle-kit@0.22.0` and `drizzle-orm@0.31.0` all fields are supported in drizzle-kit! Starting from 0.31.0 a new index api for Drizzle ORM provides set of all params for index creation: ```ts // First example, with `.on()` index('name') .on(table.column1.asc(), table.column2.nullsFirst(), ...) or .onOnly(table.column1.desc().nullsLast(), table.column2, ...) .concurrently() .where(sql``) .with({ fillfactor: '70' }) // Second Example, with `.using()` index('name') .using('btree', table.column1.asc(), sql`lower(${table.column2})`, table.column1.op('text_ops')) .where(sql``) // sql expression .with({ fillfactor: '70' }) ```

```typescript copy {9-10} import { int, text, index, uniqueIndex, mysqlTable } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core"; export const user = mysqlTable("user", { id: int("id").primaryKey().autoincrement(), name: text("name"), email: text("email"), }, (table) => [ index("name_idx").on(table.name), uniqueIndex("email_idx").on(table.email), ]); ``` ```sql {5-6} CREATE TABLE `user` ( ... ); CREATE INDEX `name_idx` ON `user` (`name`); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `email_idx` ON `user` (`email`); ```

As of now `drizzle-kit` only supports index `name` and `on()` param. Drizzle ORM provides set of all params for index creation: ```typescript // Index declaration reference index("name") .on(table.name) .algorythm("default") // "default" | "copy" | "inplace" .using("btree") // "btree" | "hash" .lock("default") // "none" | "default" | "exclusive" | "shared" ```

```typescript {9-10} import { integer, text, index, uniqueIndex, sqliteTable } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core"; export const user = sqliteTable("user", { id: integer("id").primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }), name: text("name"), email: text("email"), }, (table) => [ index("name_idx").on(table.name), uniqueIndex("email_idx").on(table.email), ]); ``` ```sql {5-6} CREATE TABLE `user` ( ... ); CREATE INDEX `name_idx` ON `user` (`name`); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `email_idx` ON `user` (`email`); ```

Drizzle ORM provides set of all params for index creation: ```typescript // Index declaration reference index("name") .on(table.name) .where(sql`...`) ```

```typescript copy {9-10} import { int, text, index, uniqueIndex, singlestoreTable } from "drizzle-orm/singlestore-core"; export const user = singlestoreTable("user", { id: int("id").primaryKey().autoincrement(), name: text("name"), email: text("email"), }, (table) => [ index("name_idx").on(table.name), uniqueIndex("email_idx").on(table.email), ]); ``` ```sql {5-6} CREATE TABLE `user` ( ... ); CREATE INDEX `name_idx` ON `user` (`name`); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `email_idx` ON `user` (`email`); ```

indexes-constraints