--- NOTE: do not edit this file, it is generated in apps/svelte.dev/scripts/sync-docs/index.ts title: $state --- The `$state` rune allows you to create _reactive state_, which means that your UI _reacts_ when it changes. ```svelte ``` Unlike other frameworks you may have encountered, there is no API for interacting with state — `count` is just a number, rather than an object or a function, and you can update it like you would update any other variable. ### Deep state If `$state` is used with an array or a simple object, the result is a deeply reactive _state proxy_. [Proxies](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Proxy) allow Svelte to run code when you read or write properties, including via methods like `array.push(...)`, triggering granular updates. State is proxified recursively until Svelte finds something other than an array or simple object (like a class or an object created with `Object.create`). In a case like this... ```js let todos = $state([ { done: false, text: 'add more todos' } ]); ``` ...modifying an individual todo's property will trigger updates to anything in your UI that depends on that specific property: ```js let todos = [{ done: false, text: 'add more todos' }]; // ---cut--- todos[0].done = !todos[0].done; ``` If you push a new object to the array, it will also be proxified: ```js let todos = [{ done: false, text: 'add more todos' }]; // ---cut--- todos.push({ done: false, text: 'eat lunch' }); ``` > [!NOTE] When you update properties of proxies, the original object is _not_ mutated. If you need to use your own proxy handlers in a state proxy, [you should wrap the object _after_ wrapping it in `$state`](https://svelte.dev/playground/hello-world?version=latest#H4sIAAAAAAAACpWR3WoDIRCFX2UqhWyIJL3erAulL9C7XnQLMe5ksbUqOpsfln33YuyGFNJC8UKdc2bOhw7Myk9kJXsJ0nttO9jcR5KEG9AWJDwHdzwxznbaYGTl68Do5JM_FRifuh-9X8Y9Gkq1rYx4q66cJbQUWcmqqIL2VDe2IYMEbvuOikBADi-GJDSkXG-phId0G-frye2DO2psQYDFQ0Ys8gQO350dUkEydEg82T0GOs0nsSG9g2IqgxACZueo2ZUlpdvoDC6N64qsg1QKY8T2bpZp8gpIfbCQ85Zn50Ud82HkeY83uDjspenxv3jXcSDyjPWf9L1vJf0GH666J-jLu1ery4dV257IWXBWGa0-xFDMQdTTn2ScxWKsn86ROsLwQxqrVR5QM84Ij8TKFD2-cUZSm4O2LSt30kQcvwCgCmfZnAIAAA==). Note that if you destructure a reactive value, the references are not reactive — as in normal JavaScript, they are evaluated at the point of destructuring: ```js let todos = [{ done: false, text: 'add more todos' }]; // ---cut--- let { done, text } = todos[0]; // this will not affect the value of `done` todos[0].done = !todos[0].done; ``` ### Classes Class instances are not proxied. Instead, you can use `$state` in class fields (whether public or private), or as the first assignment to a property immediately inside the `constructor`: ```js // @errors: 7006 2554 class Todo { done = $state(false); constructor(text) { this.text = $state(text); } reset() { this.text = ''; this.done = false; } } ``` > [!NOTE] The compiler transforms `done` and `text` into `get`/`set` methods on the class prototype referencing private fields. This means the properties are not enumerable. When calling methods in JavaScript, the value of [`this`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/this) matters. This won't work, because `this` inside the `reset` method will be the ` ``` You can either use an inline function... ```svelte ``` ...or use an arrow function in the class definition: ```js // @errors: 7006 2554 class Todo { done = $state(false); constructor(text) { this.text = $state(text); } +++reset = () => {+++ this.text = ''; this.done = false; } } ``` ### Built-in classes Svelte provides reactive implementations of built-in classes like `Set`, `Map`, `Date` and `URL` that can be imported from [`svelte/reactivity`](svelte-reactivity). ## `$state.raw` In cases where you don't want objects and arrays to be deeply reactive you can use `$state.raw`. State declared with `$state.raw` cannot be mutated; it can only be _reassigned_. In other words, rather than assigning to a property of an object, or using an array method like `push`, replace the object or array altogether if you'd like to update it: ```js let person = $state.raw({ name: 'Heraclitus', age: 49 }); // this will have no effect person.age += 1; // this will work, because we're creating a new person person = { name: 'Heraclitus', age: 50 }; ``` This can improve performance with large arrays and objects that you weren't planning to mutate anyway, since it avoids the cost of making them reactive. Note that raw state can _contain_ reactive state (for example, a raw array of reactive objects). As with `$state`, you can declare class fields using `$state.raw`. ## `$state.snapshot` To take a static snapshot of a deeply reactive `$state` proxy, use `$state.snapshot`: ```svelte ``` This is handy when you want to pass some state to an external library or API that doesn't expect a proxy, such as `structuredClone`. ## `$state.eager` When state changes, it may not be reflected in the UI immediately if it is used by an `await` expression, because [updates are synchronized](await-expressions#Synchronized-updates). In some cases, you may want to update the UI as soon as the state changes. For example, you might want to update a navigation bar when the user clicks on a link, so that they get visual feedback while waiting for the new page to load. To do this, use `$state.eager(value)`: ```svelte ``` Use this feature sparingly, and only to provide feedback in response to user action — in general, allowing Svelte to coordinate updates will provide a better user experience. ## Passing state into functions JavaScript is a _pass-by-value_ language — when you call a function, the arguments are the _values_ rather than the _variables_. In other words: ```js /// file: index.js // @filename: index.js // ---cut--- /** * @param {number} a * @param {number} b */ function add(a, b) { return a + b; } let a = 1; let b = 2; let total = add(a, b); console.log(total); // 3 a = 3; b = 4; console.log(total); // still 3! ``` If `add` wanted to have access to the _current_ values of `a` and `b`, and to return the current `total` value, you would need to use functions instead: ```js /// file: index.js // @filename: index.js // ---cut--- /** * @param {() => number} getA * @param {() => number} getB */ function add(+++getA, getB+++) { return +++() => getA() + getB()+++; } let a = 1; let b = 2; let total = add+++(() => a, () => b)+++; console.log(+++total()+++); // 3 a = 3; b = 4; console.log(+++total()+++); // 7 ``` State in Svelte is no different — when you reference something declared with the `$state` rune... ```js let a = +++$state(1)+++; let b = +++$state(2)+++; ``` ...you're accessing its _current value_. Note that 'functions' is broad — it encompasses properties of proxies and [`get`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/get)/[`set`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/set) properties... ```js /// file: index.js // @filename: index.js // ---cut--- /** * @param {{ a: number, b: number }} input */ function add(input) { return { get value() { return input.a + input.b; } }; } let input = $state({ a: 1, b: 2 }); let total = add(input); console.log(total.value); // 3 input.a = 3; input.b = 4; console.log(total.value); // 7 ``` ...though if you find yourself writing code like that, consider using [classes](#Classes) instead. ## Passing state across modules You can declare state in `.svelte.js` and `.svelte.ts` files, but you can only _export_ that state if it's not directly reassigned. In other words you can't do this: ```js /// file: state.svelte.js export let count = $state(0); export function increment() { count += 1; } ``` That's because every reference to `count` is transformed by the Svelte compiler — the code above is roughly equivalent to this: ```js /// file: state.svelte.js (compiler output) // @filename: index.ts interface Signal { value: T; } interface Svelte { state(value?: T): Signal; get(source: Signal): T; set(source: Signal, value: T): void; } declare const $: Svelte; // ---cut--- export let count = $.state(0); export function increment() { $.set(count, $.get(count) + 1); } ``` > [!NOTE] You can see the code Svelte generates by clicking the 'JS Output' tab in the [playground](/playground). Since the compiler only operates on one file at a time, if another file imports `count` Svelte doesn't know that it needs to wrap each reference in `$.get` and `$.set`: ```js // @filename: state.svelte.js export let count = 0; // @filename: index.js // ---cut--- import { count } from './state.svelte.js'; console.log(typeof count); // 'object', not 'number' ``` This leaves you with two options for sharing state between modules — either don't reassign it... ```js // This is allowed — since we're updating // `counter.count` rather than `counter`, // Svelte doesn't wrap it in `$.state` export const counter = $state({ count: 0 }); export function increment() { counter.count += 1; } ``` ...or don't directly export it: ```js let count = $state(0); export function getCount() { return count; } export function increment() { count += 1; } ```